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The origins of schedule management: the concepts used in planning, allocating, visualizing and managing

Lynda M. BOURNE, Patrick WEAVER

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第2期页码 150-166 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018012

摘要： Getting the in the at the has always been a major organizational challenge. In ancient times this process seems to have been accomplished based on the scheme of arrangements being contained in the leader’s mind and instructions communicated verbally. Modern approaches to solving the twin challenges of first thinking through the ‘plan’ and then communicating the plan to the people who need to do ‘ ’ use sophisticated graphics, charts, diagrams, and computations. This paper traces the development of the concepts most project managers take for granted including bar charts and critical path schedules from their origins (which are far earlier than most people think) through to the modern day. The first section of the paper looks at the development of concepts that allow the visualization of time and other data. The second looks at the shift from static representations to dynamic modeling through the emergence of computers, dynamic calculations and integrated data from the 1950s to the present time.

关键词： time management scheduling CPM PERT Gantt Critical Path bar chart

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Schedule Compression Impact on Construction Project Safety

Curt Webb,Lu Gao,Ling-guang Song

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第4期页码 344-350 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015059

摘要： Many construction projects are met with stringent timelines or the threat of exorbitant liquidated damages. In addition, construction schedulers are frequently forced to incorporate aggressive schedule compression techniques. As already discussed by previous researchers, these schedule compression techniques have direct impacts on project productivity and quality defects. Researchers have also pointed out that schedule compression will affect safety incidents such as Occupational Safety & Health Administration recordable injuries and near misses over long project durations. However, most of the existing studies treated safety as a subcategory of project productivity and project quality, and minimal research has been done to directly quantify the effect of schedule compression on safety at the project level. Therefore, in this research, we conducted a survey and statistical analysis to investigate the relationship between schedule compression and safety in construction projects. We interviewed various members of the Houston construction community from both industrial and non-industrial roles. Statistical analysis was used to identify factors that have significant impacts on the occurrence of safety incidents at an industry specific level.

关键词： construction safety schedule compression overtime work shift Hurdle model

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A rectangle bin packing optimization approach to the signal scheduling problem in the FlexRay static

Rui ZHAO,Gui-he QIN,Jia-qiao LIU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第17卷第4期页码 375-388 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500232

摘要： As FlexRay communication protocol is extensively used in distributed real-time applications on vehicles, signal scheduling in FlexRay network becomes a critical issue to ensure the safe and efficient operation of time-critical applications. In this study, we propose a rectangle bin packing optimization approach to schedule communication signals with timing constraints into the FlexRay static segment at minimum bandwidth cost. The proposed approach, which is based on integer linear programming (ILP), supports both the slot assignment mechanisms provided by the latest version of the FlexRay specification, namely, the single sender slot multiplexing, and multiple sender slot multiplexing mechanisms. Extensive experiments on a synthetic and an automotive X-by-wire system case study demonstrate that the proposed approach has a well optimized performance.

关键词： FlexRay Real-time applications Rectangle bin packing Schedule optimization Slot multiplexing

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Detection of schedule delay risk of empirical construction projects

Tsegay GEBREHIWET, Hanbin LUO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第2期页码 251-267 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018086

摘要： In Ethiopian construction projects, schedule delay risk is a predominant issue because it is not properly addressed. Although several studies have been focused on the various effects of risk in construction projects, limited efforts have been made to investigate the typical and the overall schedule delay risk. In this study, our aim is to detect the typical and overall schedule delay risk throughout the construction project lifecycle, which consists of the pre-construction, construction, and post-construction stages, and compare the stages with each other. Common criteria, sub-criteria, and attributes were developed for all alternatives for the purpose of making a risk decision. The methodology that was followed integrated the multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process comprehensive evaluation (FAHPCE) and the relative important index (RII). Data were collected from 77 participants, who were selected through purposive sampling from different contracting organizations in Ethiopian construction projects by means of questionnaires that were distributed to experienced experts. The findings showed that there is a typical delay risk either in the type or in the level of the different construction activities. Consequently, the most influenced alternative is the construction stage because of the high-risk responsibility, resource, and contract condition related criteria. The post-construction stage was the second most influenced stage because of the high-risk responsibility-related criteria. The pre-constructed stage was the least influenced stage that consist high-risk criteria of responsibility, resource, and contract condition related. These differences provided noteworthy information about risk mitigation in construction projects by identifying the exact risk level on specific activity to make appropriate decision.

关键词： fuzzy analytic hierarchy process comprehensive evaluation construction project detection of delay risk relative important index

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基于GIS的混凝土坝施工可视化仿真技术及其应用

李景茹,钟登华

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第8期页码 70-74

摘要：

将可视化技术与仿真技术相结合，提出了基于GIS的混凝土坝施工可视化仿真技术，开发了相应的软件GVSS。GVSS是用于制定和优化混凝土坝施工进度计划的工具，提供了可视化和查询等功能。通过将GVSS应用到实际的混凝土坝施工中，证明了该项技术和软件的有效性。

关键词：可视化仿真地理信息系统（GIS）混凝土坝施工进度优化

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基于4D CAD的大型桥梁施工进度系统仿真研究

张正峰,付金强,吴康新,张发瑜

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第1期页码 63-66

摘要：

随着桥梁建设的发展，传统横道图与网络图已成为施工管理水平提高的制约因素。将面向对象的复杂工程系统仿真方法与CAD数字建模方法相结合，将桥梁的3D整体模型和施工进度相链接，提出了基于4D CAD的桥梁施工系统仿真思想，使施工过程的动态可视化与直观分析优化后的施工进度成为可能。以Visual C++作为仿真平台，设计编制了桥梁施工4D CAD可视化仿真软件。研究成果在某斜拉桥工程施工组织设计中得到成功应用，验证了基于4D CAD的大型桥梁可视化仿真方法在斜拉桥施工进度分析与优化方面的实用性和优越性。

关键词：施工进度系统仿真 4D CAD 斜拉桥

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Schedule refinement for homogeneousmulti-core processors in the presence of manufacturing-caused heterogeneity

Zhi-xiang CHEN,Zhao-lin LI,Shan CAO,Fang WANG,Jie ZHOU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第16卷第12期页码 1018-1033 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500035

摘要： Multi-core homogeneous processors have been widely used to deal with computation-intensive embedded applications. However, with the continuous down scaling of CMOS technology, within-die variations in the manufacturing process lead to a significant spread in the operating speeds of cores within homogeneous multi-core processors. Task scheduling approaches, which do not consider such heterogeneity caused by within-die variations, can lead to an overly pessimistic result in terms of performance. To realize an optimal performance according to the actual maximum clock frequencies at which cores can run, we present a heterogeneity-aware schedule refining (HASR) scheme by fully exploiting the heterogeneities of homogeneous multi-core processors in embedded domains. We analyze and show how the actual maximum frequencies of cores are used to guide the scheduling. In the scheme, representative chip operating points are selected and the corresponding optimal schedules are generated as candidate schedules. During the booting of each chip, according to the actual maximum clock frequencies of cores, one of the candidate schedules is bound to the chip to maximize the performance. A set of applications are designed to evaluate the proposed scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can improve the performance by an average value of 22.2%, compared with the baseline schedule based on the worst case timing analysis. Compared with the conventional task scheduling approach based on the actual maximum clock frequencies, the proposed scheme also improves the performance by up to 12%.

关键词： Schedule refining Multi-core processor Heterogeneity Representative chip operating point

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基于工期可控性的网络进度计划仿真评价方法研究

潘菲菲,王仁超,曹永雷

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第1期页码 143-150

摘要：

针对工程建设过程中常常通过资源重新配置或提高资源利用率来应对风险事件可能引起工期延迟的问题，提出了基于工期可控性的网络进度计划随机仿真评价方法，以资源配置和利用裕度作为活动的可控性衡量指标，同时考虑了风险事件发生时间不同导致的风险应对措施的可实施性不同的问题，通过对各个风险事件发生时间及其引起的活动持续时间延误、风险应对效果等进行随机仿真，从而对整个项目的工期分布进行模拟，评价编制的网络进度计划的合理性。算例表明：相对于传统的基于工期和基于因素的Monte-Carlo仿真评价方法，基于工期可控性的仿真评价方法得到的结果更为合理。

关键词：网络进度计划；随机仿真；风险应对；工期可控性；评价

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基于仿真的长距离引水隧洞施工全过程进度实时控制与可视化分析研究

胡连兴,佟大威,焦凯

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第12期页码 97-102

摘要：

长距离引水隧洞常具有埋深大、洞线长、洞径大和工程地质条件极其复杂等特点，各工序工程量大，相互间影响巨大，因此，在实际施工过程中内外环境和约束条件可能发生变化，使原定的施工进度计划与实际施工进程不可避免地产生偏差。如果这种偏差不及时纠正，将会越来越大，以致原计划进度起不到指导实际施工的作用。文章利用计算机仿真技术、控制论思想和虚拟现实技术，提出了基于仿真的长距离引水隧洞施工全过程进度实时控制与可视化分析方法，对施工进度的实时控制提供了可行性研究和科学依据。

关键词：长距离引水隧洞施工进度实时控制可视化仿真

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水利水电工程网络进度计划标准化系统研发

王仁超,潘菲菲,李仕奇,陈建友

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第1期页码 129-136

摘要：

水利水电工程网络进度计划是施工组织设计的重要组成部分。针对目前大多数网络进度计划软件在进度计划生成、分析等方面提供的功能有限，使得网络进度计划编制费时、费力，效率不高，且标准化程度不高等问题，本文在分析了水利水电工程网络进度计划标准化内涵的基础上，对网络进度计划标准化的基本内容进行了研究；在此基础上设计开发了水利水电工程网络进度计划标准化系统，详细介绍了网络进度计划辅助生成、分析、评价与审阅，以及成果输出等功能。该系统不仅界面友好、直观可视化，而且提供了强大的计算及优化功能，大大提高了工程人员网络进度计划编制的效率和质量，为网络进度计划快速分析和优化提供了一种新的思路和手段。

关键词：水利水电工程；网络进度计划；标准化；网络进度计划标准化系统

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实时灌溉预报

茆智,李远华,李会昌

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第5期页码 24-33

摘要：

实时灌溉预报是制定动态灌溉用水计划的基础，对灌区节水，增加作物产量和提高经济效益起着重要作用。其重点与难点内容是作物需水量实时预报。国内外已有的作物需水量预报方法与模型，是建立在历史典型水文年资料基础之上的，无法用于实时预报。文章分析了作物需水量与气象条件和非气象条件（主要是植物条件以及土壤条件）之间的关系，提出了根据天气类型、作物绿叶覆盖率和土壤有效含水率3项因素进行作物需水量实时预报的方法与模型，介绍了具体的预报步骤与计算框图，改进了常规的预报方法，主要是用预报的天气类型（晴、昙、阴、雨）代替修正彭曼法中所需的气温、空气湿度、日照时数与风速4项气象因素，用绿叶覆盖率代替叶面积指数，并提出了新的计算土壤水分修正系数的数学模型。

关键词：灌溉实时预报作物需水量灌溉制度

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三参数区间数研究及其在决策分析中的应用

胡启洲,张卫华,于莉

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第3期页码 47-51

摘要：

在定义三参数区间数的基础上，给出了三参数区间数的运算关系；然后将权重为区间数的多指标决策问题转化为指标取值为三参数区间数的多指标决策问题；在三参数区间数理想方案点定义的基础上，给出了权重为三参数区间数的逼近理想点法；最后将其应用于某城市公交线网的优化调整中。结果表明，该法科学合理、切实可行。

关键词：多指标决策三参数区间数逼近理想点法

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动态设定型板形板厚自动控制系统

张进之,段春华

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第6期页码 67-72

摘要：

文章介绍了应用解析板形方程推出板形最佳轧制规程和板形板厚协调控制新方法。该方法的主要特点：系统中采用了静、动态负荷分配，动态设定厚度自动控制系统（DAGC）完成了板形板厚的闭环控制，在算法中采用了贝尔曼动态规划。新方法将会改变目前轧机设计和控制思想：设计合理刚度，强调调度计划、配置轧辊凸度和优化轧制规程等方面的作用，实现信息控制。

关键词：动态负荷分配板形最佳规程动态规划动态设定

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相依网络理论在船舶等级修理工期管理中的应用

覃海波,金家善,陈砚桥

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第5期页码 90-95

摘要：

在简要介绍相依网络理论的基本概念、基本原理和主要应用方法及成果的基础上，以修理专业网络、修理环节网络、管理层次网络等，解释了船舶等级修理的多网络特点，分别以修理网络、器材采购网络、装卸搬运网络和技术指导网络为基准网络，分析了与其他网络之间的相依性，并以算例验证了研究的必要性及方法的可行性。本文为运用相依网络理论分析查找船舶等级修理工期管理中的薄弱环节提供了方法支撑，对于提高船舶等级修理的工时强度，确保等级修理计划按期完成等，具有重要意义。

关键词：相依网络；船舶；等级修理；计划管理

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Synergistic optimization framework for the process synthesis and design of biorefineries

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 251-273 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2071-9

摘要： The conceptual process design of novel bioprocesses in biorefinery setups is an important task, which remains yet challenging due to several limitations. We propose a novel framework incorporating superstructure optimization and simulation-based optimization synergistically. In this context, several approaches for superstructure optimization based on different surrogate models can be deployed. By means of a case study, the framework is introduced and validated, and the different superstructure optimization approaches are benchmarked. The results indicate that even though surrogate-based optimization approaches alleviate the underlying computational issues, there remains a potential issue regarding their validation. The development of appropriate surrogate models, comprising the selection of surrogate type, sampling type, and size for training and cross-validation sets, are essential factors. Regarding this aspect, satisfactory validation metrics do not ensure a successful outcome from its embedded use in an optimization problem. Furthermore, the framework’s synergistic effects by sequentially performing superstructure optimization to determine candidate process topologies and simulation-based optimization to consolidate the process design under uncertainty offer an alternative and promising approach. These findings invite for a critical assessment of surrogate-based optimization approaches and point out the necessity of benchmarking to ensure consistency and quality of optimized solutions.

关键词： biotechnology surrogate modelling superstructure optimization simulation-based optimization process design